What is erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a type of penile disorder. It affects your ability to get and maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.

Your feelings play a major role in getting and maintaining an erection. Feeling relaxed, confident and aroused is essential. But it’s normal to sometimes have erection issues. Erection problems can occur if you feel nervous, anxious, frustrated or tired. Drinking alcohol and/or using substances can also have an effect. It can also result from other conditions or as a side effect of certain medications or cancer treatments.

If you’re having difficulty getting or maintaining an erection, it’s a good idea to schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider for further discussion.

In many cases, ED can be the first symptom of another underlying problem, including heart disease. It’s important to talk to a healthcare provider if you have problems getting and maintaining an erection.

Other names for erectile dysfunction include:

  • Impotence.
  • Impotency.

What are the types of erectile dysfunction?

Healthcare providers separate ED into several categories:

Vascular erectile dysfunction. Vascular ED includes causes that affect the blood vessels that send blood to the tissues in your penis that allow you to get and maintain an erection, or the valves in the penis that normally hold blood inside. Vascular ED is the most common type of ED.

Neurogenic erectile dysfunction. Neurogenic ED occurs as a result of nerve problems, which prevent signals from traveling from your brain to your penis to create an erection. This can happen because of trauma, pelvic surgery, radiation therapy or neurologic conditions like stroke, spinal stenosis and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Hormonal erectile dysfunction. Hormonal ED refers to ED that happens as a result of testosterone deficiency, or in some cases as a result of thyroid issues.

Psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Psychogenic ED involves psychological conditions (conditions that affect your thoughts, feelings or behavior) that can cause ED.

What are the symptoms of erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction symptoms include:

  • Only sometimes being able to get an erection before sexual intercourse.
  • Being able to get an erection before sexual intercourse but not being able to maintain it during sexual intercourse.
  • Complete inability to get an erection.
  • Requiring a lot of stimulation to maintain an erection.

What causes erectile dysfunction?

There are many possible causes of ED, including conditions that affect your:

Circulatory system. Your circulatory system includes the blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body. Your penis needs adequate blood flow to become erect and maintain an erection. Your penis also relies on a series of valves to close when it fills with blood — in some cases, these valves stop working as they should.

Nervous system. Your nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord and nerves. They work together to send electrical impulses that help your body move and feel, including your penis.

Endocrine system. Your endocrine system includes the glands that create and release hormones. Hormones help tell your body to perform certain functions. Testosterone may help open up (vasodilate) your blood vessels, which helps blood flow to your penis.

Prevention

Certain lifestyle changes can help lower your risk of developing erectile dysfunction, including:

  • Reducing your cholesterol.
  • Being more physically active, especially doing cardiovascular exercises like running, jogging or bicycling.
  • Maintaining a healthy weight for you.
  • Getting high-quality sleep.
  • Eating healthy foods with low saturated fats, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
  • Stopping smoking.
  • Reducing or stopping drinking.

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